Python is best thought of as a dynamic but strongly typed language. Types aren’t associated with the names of things, but with the things themselves. This makes Python flexible and convenient for ...

So far we have been focusing on the idea of type as specifying the methods that are available and operations that can be applied. There is another more complex aspect of type. Some objects have ...

Annotations in Python came late to the party; they were introduced in Python 3 as a way to attach information to functions describing their arguments and return values. While that mechanism had ...

Learn how Mypy's type checking works with functions and generators. In my last two articles I've described some of the ways Mypy, a type checker for Python, can help identify potential problems with ...

Python decorators are functions that take in a function or class as an argument, and return a modified version. A commonly used example is the dataclasses.dataclass() function that takes a class ...

If you want to write Python code that takes advantage of the language's newest and most powerful features, here are four areas to explore. Although Python had its 30-year anniversary in 2021, the ...

This is valid python. The minimal example runs as expected: from typing import Self class Grower: child: Self|None def __init__(self, id:int): self.id = id self.child ...